Most of the gasoline, diesel, heating oil and jet fuel consumed in the U.S. East Coast region is piped in via long-distance pipelines from Gulf Coast refineries, but substantial amounts are moved in by ship—either from the Gulf Coast by Jones Act vessels or from overseas. These shipped-in volumes then need to make their way from port to consumer. Today we continue our examination of how transportation fuels and heating oil are delivered to East Coast users with a look at the ports and connecting pipelines that help move these critically important fuels.
This is the third episode in our series describing the complicated but efficient networks developed since World War II to transport (as of now) some 4 MMb/d of gasoline, diesel, heating and jet fuel (which we have dubbed GDHJ) into the 17 East Coast states (and District of Columbia) that comprise Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD) 1. That 4 MMb/d represents four-fifths of the East Coast’s consumption; the other 1 MMb/d is produced by refineries in the Central Atlantic states (mostly along the Delaware River near Philadelphia). As we said in Episode 1, the Gulf Coast region (PADD 3) produces about 7.5 MMb/d of GDHJ, and sends a good bit of that output (about 2.8 MMb/d) to the East Coast, more than 80% of it (about 2.3 MMb/d) via the two primary refined products conduits between and through the two regions: the 2.5 MMb/d Colonial and the 700 Mb/d Plantation pipelines. In Episode 2, we described those pipelines in some detail: their routes, injection points, storage-tank terminals, spurs and delivery points. We also discussed two other, midsized pipeline systems (Buckeye Partners’ and Sunoco Logistics’) that interconnect with Colonial and help deliver large volumes to consumers in the Central Atlantic states (New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania). Today we consider the very different situations that each of the four sub-regions in PADD 1 (New England, Central Atlantic, Southeast, and Florida) find themselves in regarding the sources of their GDHJ and the means by which these refined petroleum products are delivered. As you’ll see, the Central Atlantic and Southeast sub-regions get most of their GDHJ via the Colonial and Plantation pipelines (and, in parts of the Central Atlantic, with assists from Buckeye and Sunoco pipes). In New England and Florida, though, waterborne deliveries play critical roles.
The Crude Voyager is a weekly analysis of U.S. Gulf Coast loading activity that explains the ebbs and flows of crude loadings, destinations, and geopolitical issues impacting U.S. exports. It outlines the major paths for laden tankers hauling U.S. crude all over the world and reflects the change in tanker departures to the main regions that consume U.S. crude.
Thanks to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), we can provide 1) sub-region-level bar charts that show how much of the gasoline, distillates (diesel and heating oil) and jet fuel consumed in each region is delivered there, and 2) maps that depict the sub-region’s ports, pipelines and other delivery-related infrastructure.
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About the song
“Move It On Over” was written by Hank Williams and was released as a single by Williams in June 1947. The song, which went to #4 on the Billboard Most Played Juke Box Folk Records Singles chart, was Williams’s first major hit record and helped to secure him a spot on Louisiana Hayride, a country music radio show and a training ground for the Grand Old Opry. The song was recorded in April 1947 at Castle Studio in Nashville, with Fred Rose producing. Rose used Red Foley’s band, The Cumberland Valley Boys, to back up Williams. Personnel on the record were: Hank Williams (vocals, acoustic rhythm guitar), Zeke Turner (electric guitar), Jerry Byrd (Hawaiian steel guitar), and Tommy Jackson (fiddle).
Some musicologists have called “Move It On Over” the first rock and roll record and, listening to the approach to the song by Williams and the band — especially the rocking and swinging electric guitar solo by Zeke Turner — it’s hard to ignore its significance. However, other music writers say first-ever honors should go to “Rocket 88” by Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats, which was recorded at Memphis Recording Service in March 1951 by Sam Phillips. (One of the members of the Delta Cats was Ike Turner, who with his wife, Tina, would have his own impact on rock and roll and soul music.) Many other artists have covered “Move It on Over” over the years, including George Thorogood and The Destroyers, who had a hit single with it from their album of the same name in 1979.
Hank Williams was an American country music singer, songwriter and musician. He is considered by many to be one of the most influential and iconic country music artists of all time. Born and raised around Montgomery, AL, Hank learned how to play the guitar from an African American blues street musician named Rufus Payne. His first professional break came when Montgomery radio station WSFA hired him to perform on and host a 15-minute program in 1937. During his lifetime Williams released two studio albums and 31 singles. Ten studio albums, eight live albums, 25 compilation albums and 30 singles were released posthumously. In 1987, Williams was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
The last single released during Williams’s lifetime was “I’ll Never Get Out of This World Alive,” which came out in November 1952. Williams died from heart failure in the backseat of his baby-blue 1952 Cadillac convertible enroute to a show in Canton, OH, on New Year's Day 1953. He was 29 years old.
