The East Coast consumes more than 200 million gallons of gasoline, diesel, heating oil and jet fuel a day, but produces only one-fifth of that total, most of it at New Jersey and Pennsylvania refineries. To keep the region’s cars, trucks, trains and airplanes moving (and many of its homes and businesses heated) huge volumes of fuels need to be delivered from elsewhere, mostly via two pipelines from the Gulf Coast and the rest by ship—some from Gulf and other U.S. ports and some from overseas. Today, we continue our examination of the infrastructure that moves gasoline, diesel, heating oil and jet fuel to the nation’s largest fuel-consuming region with a look at four major pipelines.
The aim of this series is to describe the logistics involved in moving refined petroleum products like gasoline, diesel, heating and jet fuel (which we have dubbed GDHJ) to the East Coast from their primary production region—the Gulf Coast, also known as Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD) 3. Because the East Coast (PADD 1) produces only one-fifth of its GDHJ needs and depends on a mix of piped-in fuel, fuel shipped (by Jones Act vessels) from Gulf Coast ports, and fuel imported from overseas, this series also considers the PADD 1 ports that receive shipments of fuel from PADD 3 and foreign countries, and the smaller pipelines that move fuel from those ports to PADD 1 consumers. As we said in Episode 1 of our series, PADD 3 produces about 7.5 MMb/d of GDHJ (the equivalent of 315 million gallons), but consumes only one-third of that (about 2.5 MMb/d). In sharp contrast, PADD 1 produces about 1 MMb/d of these fuels, but consumes five times that amount (about 5 MMb/d). According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) about 2.8 MMb/d of GDHJ is moved, on average, from PADD 3 to PADD 1, accounting for nearly three-fifths (58%) of the East Coast’s total consumption of transportation fuels. Of that 2.8 MMb/d PADD 3-to-PADD 1 transfers, 82% (2.3 MMb/d) is moved by the two primary refined products pipelines between and through the two regions: Colonial Pipeline and Plantation Pipe Line. Given their significance, let’s zero in on these two pipelines first.
Visualize the infrastructure behind U.S. NGL movement.
The U.S. NGLs Map provides a comprehensive view of the transport, processing, and export networks moving NGLs across the U.S.
Colonial Pipeline
We have previously covered congestion on the Colonial Pipeline and line-space trading that has been the subject of shipper concerns and a Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) conference (see Space Oddity) As we described then, the 2.5 MMb/d Colonial Pipeline, which started operating in 1963, is co-owned by several entities, including affiliates of Koch Industries, KKR, a Quebec pension fund, Royal Dutch Shell, and Australian infrastructure investor Industry Funds Management. Colonial is a common carrier pipeline with about 5,500 miles of pipe; its primary lines run from Houston to Linden, NJ, and it has several spurs along its main route (see Figure 1). The Linden terminus of the pipeline, by the way, sits alongside the busiest (and most pungent!) stretch of the New Jersey Turnpike (just west of New York City’s Staten Island). The huge tank farm there surely must have provided at least a few scene backdrops for “The Sopranos”.
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About the song
“Move It On Over” was written by Hank Williams and was released as a single by Williams in June 1947. The song, which went to #4 on the Billboard Most Played Juke Box Folk Records Singles chart, was Williams’s first major hit record and helped to secure him a spot on Louisiana Hayride, a country music radio show and a training ground for the Grand Old Opry. The song was recorded in April 1947 at Castle Studio in Nashville, with Fred Rose producing. Rose used Red Foley’s band, The Cumberland Valley Boys, to back up Williams. Personnel on the record were: Hank Williams (vocals, acoustic rhythm guitar), Zeke Turner (electric guitar), Jerry Byrd (Hawaiian steel guitar), and Tommy Jackson (fiddle).
Some musicologists have called “Move It On Over” the first rock and roll record and, listening to the approach to the song by Williams and the band — especially the rocking and swinging electric guitar solo by Zeke Turner — it’s hard to ignore its significance. However, other music writers say first-ever honors should go to “Rocket 88” by Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats, which was recorded at Memphis Recording Service in March 1951 by Sam Phillips. (One of the members of the Delta Cats was Ike Turner, who with his wife, Tina, would have his own impact on rock and roll and soul music.) Many other artists have covered “Move It on Over” over the years, including George Thorogood and The Destroyers, who had a hit single with it from their album of the same name in 1979.
Hank Williams was an American country music singer, songwriter and musician. He is considered by many to be one of the most influential and iconic country music artists of all time. Born and raised around Montgomery, AL, Hank learned how to play the guitar from an African American blues street musician named Rufus Payne. His first professional break came when Montgomery radio station WSFA hired him to perform on and host a 15-minute program in 1937. During his lifetime Williams released two studio albums and 31 singles. Ten studio albums, eight live albums, 25 compilation albums and 30 singles were released posthumously. In 1987, Williams was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
The last single released during Williams’s lifetime was “I’ll Never Get Out of This World Alive,” which came out in November 1952. Williams died from heart failure in the backseat of his baby-blue 1952 Cadillac convertible enroute to a show in Canton, OH, on New Year's Day 1953. He was 29 years old.
