Every day, refineries along the U.S. Gulf Coast produce far more gasoline, diesel and jet fuel than the region could possibly use, and demand for these fuels along the East Coast for transportation and heating is far higher than local refinery production. To help bring the two regions into balance, a complicated network of pipelines, ports, Jones Act vessels and storage facilities has been developed over the past 70 years—and continues to be updated and expanded. Today, we begin a new series on how millions of barrels of these fuels are moved between and within the nation’s largest refining region and the region where more is used than any other part of the U.S.
As we’ve said many times in the RBN blogosphere, the U.S. energy sector has undergone a nearly top-to-bottom transformation over the past few years, mostly due to the Shale Revolution. New production areas for crude oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids (NGLs) have opened up; new oil, gas and NGL pipelines have been constructed (and the flow-direction of many old—and not-so-old--pipelines reversed). Two things that have not changed, though, are 1) more than 50% of the nation’s refinery capacity is along the Gulf Coast, and 2) the biggest market for the transportation fuels (and heating oil) that refineries primarily produce is the East Coast.
In this blog series we will zero in on transportation-fuel and heating oil production and delivery between and within these two regions, which (as luck would have it, for information gathering’s sake) are neatly divided by the Federal Government into two Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts, or PADDs. PADD 3 consists of Texas and Louisiana (the two epicenters of U.S. refining) as well as Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama and New Mexico. PADD 1, meanwhile, includes the entire East Coast from Maine to Florida, including three inland states (Vermont, Pennsylvania and West Virginia). We should note that while PADD 3 is primarily seen as a refined petroleum products production area and PADD 1 as a consuming area, a lot of gasoline, diesel, heating oil and jetfuel (which for simplicity’s sake we will refer to as GDHJ!) is obviously moved around within—and consumed in--PADD 3, and PADD 1 has a good bit of in-region refinery capacity. As an added bonus, the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) also collects data by PADD sub-region; as you can see in Figure 1, EIA breaks PADD 1 (shades of blue) into four sub-regions (New England, Central Atlantic etc.), each based upon the accents spoken and the baseball teams followed in that sub-region (that was a joke). Similarly, PADD 3 (shades of red) is broken into five sub-regions, each based on the spiciness of their food (again, a joke; sorry ‘bout that).
Figure 1: Source: EIA
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About the song
“Move It On Over” was written by Hank Williams and was released as a single by Williams in June 1947. The song, which went to #4 on the Billboard Most Played Juke Box Folk Records Singles chart, was Williams’s first major hit record and helped to secure him a spot on Louisiana Hayride, a country music radio show and a training ground for the Grand Old Opry. The song was recorded in April 1947 at Castle Studio in Nashville, with Fred Rose producing. Rose used Red Foley’s band, The Cumberland Valley Boys, to back up Williams. Personnel on the record were: Hank Williams (vocals, acoustic rhythm guitar), Zeke Turner (electric guitar), Jerry Byrd (Hawaiian steel guitar), and Tommy Jackson (fiddle).
Some musicologists have called “Move It On Over” the first rock and roll record and, listening to the approach to the song by Williams and the band — especially the rocking and swinging electric guitar solo by Zeke Turner — it’s hard to ignore its significance. However, other music writers say first-ever honors should go to “Rocket 88” by Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats, which was recorded at Memphis Recording Service in March 1951 by Sam Phillips. (One of the members of the Delta Cats was Ike Turner, who with his wife, Tina, would have his own impact on rock and roll and soul music.) Many other artists have covered “Move It on Over” over the years, including George Thorogood and The Destroyers, who had a hit single with it from their album of the same name in 1979.
Hank Williams was an American country music singer, songwriter and musician. He is considered by many to be one of the most influential and iconic country music artists of all time. Born and raised around Montgomery, AL, Hank learned how to play the guitar from an African American blues street musician named Rufus Payne. His first professional break came when Montgomery radio station WSFA hired him to perform on and host a 15-minute program in 1937. During his lifetime Williams released two studio albums and 31 singles. Ten studio albums, eight live albums, 25 compilation albums and 30 singles were released posthumously. In 1987, Williams was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
The last single released during Williams’s lifetime was “I’ll Never Get Out of This World Alive,” which came out in November 1952. Williams died from heart failure in the backseat of his baby-blue 1952 Cadillac convertible enroute to a show in Canton, OH, on New Year's Day 1953. He was 29 years old.
