Crude Export Ban

Since the ban on exports of U.S. crude oil was lifted in December 2015, export volumes have soared, and for the week ending October 27, 2017, they surpassed 2 million barrels/day (MMb/d) for the first time ever, according to Energy Information Administration (EIA) statistics. And while exports slowed last week, it is clear that there’s more to come. But the pace of export growth depends on many things, including the ability of Gulf Coast infrastructure to receive and store increasing volumes of West Texas Intermediate (WTI), SCOOP/STACK, Bakken and other crudes and load it onto ships — the bigger the ship the better. Fortunately, coastal Texas and Louisiana already had extensive crude-related infrastructure in place when the export ban ended just under two years ago, and elements of that have been repurposed to handle exports. Will it be enough? Today, we begin a new blog series on existing and planned storage facilities and marine terminals targeted to support rising U.S. crude oil exports.

Way back when—before 2012—few outside a small cadre of oil producers and marketers paid any attention to condensates, or even knew they existed.  Then two events shook the condensate world.  First came rapid growth in the Eagle Ford, where crude oil production turned out to be almost half condensates.  Then the Department of Commerce started allowing condensate exports while maintaining the ban on international sales of mainstream crude oil.  Suddenly condensates were the star of the show.   But like the careers of one-hit rock & roll wonders, the stardom didn’t last long.  The crude oil price crash hit Eagle Ford hard, resulting in a disproportionate decline in condensate production.  Congress then sent condensates further back into obscurity by removing the export ban for all crude oil in December 2015, eliminating any special status for the product.   That was the end of the road for the condensate story, right?  Wrong.  Because during condensate’s day in the sun, billions were spent on pipelines, stabilizers, splitters, export facilities and refinery modifications, all focused on providing new markets for condensates.  Oops.  Today we consider how the next chapter of the condensate saga will play out.

“Condensates are long and you can’t give them away … No, things have changed – condensate supply is tight and prices are running up relative to WTI … But wait wait, the oversupply is back and prices are down again.” No wonder the market’s love for condensates has faded.  It’s a liquid hydrocarbon that is being buffeted by every force the market can bring to bear: declining production, lots of new committed infrastructure (stabilizers, pipelines, and splitters), wide-open export markets, volatile crack spread splitter economics -- the list goes on. Adding to this whirlwind is the fact that historically there has been limited analytical data to work with, with most condensate information buried deep inside crude production numbers from producer investor presentations and less-than-revealing Energy Information Administration (EIA) crude oil reports.  But we have some new tools to help understand what’s going on, including the EIA’s new 914 crude quality data and condensate export numbers from ClipperData.  Today, we continue our exploration of rapidly evolving condensate markets.

Few segments of the energy market have experienced the roller-coaster ride that U.S. condensates have been on over the past five years.   Prior to 2011, U.S. condensates were a forgotten backwater of the hydrocarbon complex, mostly blended off into crude oil.  Then condensates rapidly transitioned from obscurity to an oversupplied, price-discounted growth market, then to a driver of massive infrastructure investment, then to the star of the show as the only member of the U.S. crude oil family that could be exported.  By mid-2014, producers and midstreamers were in love with condensates.  Exports were legal and growing.  New pipeline, splitter, stabilizer and export dock infrastructure was coming online.  U.S. condensate markets were tightening and condensate prices were increasing.  Then in one fell swoop in December 2015, Congress swept away all export restrictions on crude oil, potentially relegating U.S. condensates back to the obscurity from whence they came.

Crude oil distribution to Houston area refineries is still being re-plumbed to reflect the ongoing transition to domestic supply. Although plenty of new pipelines provide access for new crude flows into Houston, logistic challenges arise from a crude quality mismatch with refinery configurations. The handling of condensate – whether lightly processed for export or refined in a splitter is also increasing infrastructure overhead. Today we look at new crude infrastructure challenges in the Houston area.

The latest estimates from North Dakota show production edging up in March 2015 after a two-month decline. But the heady days are over for the moment - in the wake of lower crude prices - as even optimistic forecasts project flattened growth. Meanwhile combined rail and pipeline crude takeaway capacity out of North Dakota are already far higher than production – but new projects like the TransCanada Upland pipeline continue to be pitched to shippers. Today we describe how that could result in producers switching from existing routes.

The Plains All American (PAA) Cactus Pipeline comes online in the West Texas Permian this month (April 2015). Cactus will bring up to 250 Mb/d of crude and condensate from Midland and McCamey in the Permian to Gardendale, TX - the heart of the Eagle Ford shale – linking the two basins for the first time by pipeline.  It also forms a major component of an expanded pipeline and dock infrastructure owned by a combination of PAA and Enterprise Product Partners (EPD) set to deliver as much as 600 Mb/d of crude and condensate to Corpus Christi and 470 Mb/d to Houston by the end of 2015. Today we describe how a good deal of those deliveries will be processed condensate eligible for export.

In mid-September 2014 the joint venture partners in the shuttered St. Croix (U.S. Virgin Islands) HOVENSA refinery announced an agreement in principal to sell to a private equity fund. The refinery – shut since January 2012 - has been for sale since then but after losing $1.3 Billion in its last 3 years of operation has had trouble finding a buyer. Today we look at the hurdles a new owner has to overcome.

During the last week of September, reports surfaced that Alaskan oil producer ConocoPhillips (COP) has recently exported an 800 MBbl cargo of Alaska North Slope (ANS) crude to South Korea. This is the first such export since 2006 and marks a new development in the evolving debate over US crude oil exports that are heavily restricted by regulations that date back to the 1970’s. Today we look at the fundamentals behind COP’s export shipment.